DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a form of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) where a small probe is scanned across the sample to obtain information about the sample’s surface. The information gathered from the probe’s interaction with the surface can be as simple as physical topography or as diverse as measurements of the material’s physical, magnetic, or chemical properties. These data are collected as the probe is scanned in a raster pattern across the sample to form a map of the measured property relative to the X-Y position. Thus, the AFM microscopic image shows the variation in the measured property, e.g,. height or magnetic domains, over the area imaged.
The AFM probe has a very sharp tip, often less than 100 Å diameter, at the end of a small cantilever beam. The probe is attached to a piezoelectric scanner tube, which scans the probe across a selected area of the sample surface. Interatomic forces between the probe tip and the sample surface cause the cantilever to deflect as the sample’s surface topography (or other properties) changes. A laser light reflected from the back of the cantilever measures the deflection of the cantilever. This information is fed back to a computer, which generates a map of topography and/or other properties of interest. Areas as large as about 100 µm square to less than 100 nm square can be imaged.
ANALYTICAL INFORMATION
Contact Mode AFM - The AFM probe is scanned at a constant force between the probe and the sample surface to obtain a 3D topographical map. When the probe cantilever is deflected by topographical changes, the scanner adjusts the probe position to restore the original cantilever deflection. The scanner position information is used to create a topographical image. Lateral resolution of <1 style="font-weight: bold;">Intermittent Contact (Tapping Mode) AFM - In this mode, the probe cantilever is oscillated at or near its resonant frequency. The oscillating probe tip is then scanned at a height where it barely touches or “taps” the sample surface. The system monitors the probe position and vibrational amplitude to obtain topographical and other property information. Accurate topographical information can be obtained even for very fragile surfaces. Optimum resolution is about 50 Å lateral and <1 style="font-weight: bold;">Lateral Force Microscopy - This mode measures the lateral deflection of the probe cantilever as the tip is scanned across the sample in contact mode. Changes in lateral deflection represent relative frictional forces between the probe tip and the sample surface.
Phase Detection Microscopy With the system operating in Tapping mode, the cantilever oscillation is damped by interaction with the sample surface. The phase lag between the drive signal and actual cantilever oscillation is monitored. Changes in the phase lag indicate variations in the surface properties, such as viscoelasticity or mechanical properties. A phase image, typically collected simultaneously with a topographical image, maps the local changes in material’s physical or mechanical properties.
Magnetic Force Microscopy - This mode images local variations in the magnetic forces at the sample’s surface. The probe tip is coated with a thin film of ferromagnetic material that will react to the magnetic domains on the sample surface. The magnetic forces between the tip and the sample are measured by monitoring cantilever deflection while the probe is scanned at a constant height above the surface. A map of the forces shows the sample’s natural or applied magnetic domain structure.
